Company Analyzes Of Environment Sinopec †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Company Analyzes Of Business Environment Sinopec? Answer: Introduction This report analyzes the business environment of Sinopec Company in China. The report explains the several components in order to analyze external environment of Sinopec Company which includes PESTLE analysis of Company, Porter's five Forces model examines of the company's competitive environment. All these factors are examined in order to assess the external environment of Company and show how companys industry is affected by these forces. Sinopec is a super-substantial oil and petrochemical enterprise group, built up by the state in July 1998 on the premise of remaking the previous China Petrochemical Corporation. The principal operations of Sinopec Group incorporate modern speculation and venture administration, the investigation, creation, storage and transportation, deal and comprehensive usage of oil and flammable gas, the generation, deal, stockpiling and transportation of coal; oil refining. Sinopec concentrated on mode turning and structure altering, quality change, quality progressing and productivity increment and upgrading, actualized advancement driven improvement procedure with great efforts and developed the change of specialized framework and system. In the present time, Sinopec Group is the biggest oil and petrochemical products providers and the second big oil and gas producer in China. In short words, Sinopec Group is the biggest oil refinery and the second biggest chemical company in the world. PESTLE analysis According to Bandinelli Gamberi (2011), a PESTLE analysis is a stage or framework which is utilized by the advertisers to investigate a monitor the macro-environmental factors that affect an organization. China is the main and quickly developing country which has a solid economy and it has an expansive number of businesses in all fragments. It has shown a solid power which is supporting its business over the world and its items are considered as the sensible items. Political According to Epstein Buhovac (2014), China has a strong political system which can produce its economy. Particular new approaches go in their congress and these formal and pleasant measures help the economy to turn up clearly more grounded. It has the appropriate approach for the money related expert their aggregate in different present day divisions and government is additionally concentrating on the movement of online business. The industrial segment has solid and great political empower which can reinforce its economies and the favorable position and just controls can keep it on the correct strategy for headway and accomplishment. Economic Since past five years, the economy of China got mind boggling change rate in GDP and China can in like manner continue with its pace of its progress. It has a massive rate of extra sponsorships, a broad number of skilled specialists and has the wide charge business which contributes its flourishing (Gupta, 2013). The company arranged the "thirteenth Five-year Plan" outline for legitimate works and "seventh Five-year Plan" law advancement wanting to move lawful development. It actualized the door keeping instrument for lawful audit of significant choice, source mediation and process interest of lawful work, to give lawful administration support to corporate change and real activities. Social According to Ho (2014), the social factor of China is fundamental part as the demographic consistently change. For example, population improvement age-allocation fluctuates and these can change social cases and social esteems. Family size and social practices routinely impact how choices are taken. Other social sections are purchaser lifestyles, preparing, religion, and resettlement. Sinopec corporate culture comprises the spirit of strengthening the petrochemical industry as well as such fine traditions as being hard-working, meticulous, honest, faithful and committed. Technological There are couples of technical elements which are occupied with the headway of new items, purchased of new systems, new era innovation and another strategy for circulation such as the web and new procedure of working consisting broadcast communications. China has to see the issues as it does not have a protected online installment strategy, so as the Chinese buyers confront the considerable level of vulnerability and experience the long term introduction. It is also determined that Chinese markets have low credit entrance in China which is for the most part used over the world as the powerful and quick installment strategy (Inkpen Moffett, 2011). Legal China is working on the drafting of e-business legislation on different angles such as licensed innovation rights assurance and duty. No regulations are shaped to help security, perceive the computerized signatories (Srdjevic et al, 2012). Sinopec partners, including government, representatives, customers, providers, and contractors, group and people in general, non-legislative associations and significant establishments, and so forth. Their trust and support is the ceaseless improvement, unfaltering development imperative condition. Environmental According to Mitchell et al. (2011), the environmental factors have the significant impacts as the all overall public has the mindfulness about the earth security. The rising of different creative updates in the business makes everything fundamental and snappy. Sinopec actively establish mutual support, mutual benefit and friendly win-win cooperation relations, and promote to realize economic growth, environmental protection and social progress of coordinated development. Porters Five Forces model According to Taiwo (2010), Porters five forces model is an analysis tool that follows five competitive forces which are used to determine the company's strength, weakness, and the profitability level. The five forces which are to examine in Porters model are as follows: Rivalry among competitors The contention means to the competition for a market share of the overall industry between in an industry. This force is a major element in determining how a competitive and profitable an industry is. The rivalry in India among competitors is high and a strong threat to profitability. The competitiveness of Sinopec Company and particularly in the upstream division of the business is out and out genuine. Sinopec Company is Chinas biggest producer and distributor of refunded oil products and large petrochemical items. Company will genuinely execute procedures of resource, market, integration and globally with more concentration on advancement of science, innovation and administrative specialist as well as improve the workers quality. Sinopec Company manages its business activities in a very competitive oil and petrochemical industry. This competition dies take view on the whole long-term profitability of the company. Sinopec can handle the intense rivalry among the existing participant s in the oil and petrochemical industry by the following main components: By establishing a sustainable differentiation By establishing scale so that it can compete in a better manner Cooperating with competitors in order to enhance the market share. New Entrants Threats According to Wheelen Hunger (2011), new entrants in oil and gas industry come up with up the innovation, new methods of doing the task and enforce the pressure on Sinopec company through pricing strategy, decrease cost and offer new esteem propositions to the consumers. Sinopec has to handle all these issues and establish effective barriers to protect its competitive edge. Company can manage the new entrant threat by creating new items and service, by establishing economies of scale so that company can reduce the fixed cost per unit, establishing potential and spending money on research and development. New participants are less likely to come in a dynamic business where the recognized players keep defining the principles constantly. Customer bargaining power In todays competitive environment, the bargaining power of buyers is an important factor which influences every decision that the manufacturer make to enhance their customer base. The bargaining power of purchasers can be accessed on the premise of various purchasers in the business, accessibility of substitutes, aggressive value, purchaser's volume and reliance on wholesalers (Wstenhagen and Menichetti, 2012). The bargaining energy of buyers in oil and gas industry is respectably negligible in view of the likelihood of the business. The smaller and stronger base is of Sinopec Company the larger the bargaining power of buyer and expand their capability in order to seek the increasing discounts and offers. Sinopec Company can manage the bargaining power of buyers by establishing a large customer base and by quickly innovating new item which help the business to reduce the defection of existing consumers of company to its competitors. Threat of substitutes products In Porter's model, substitute items refer to those items which have the ability to meet the customer's demand effectively. The threat from substitutes force exists when demand for products is affected by the change in the price of a substitute product. The threat of substitute product or service is large of it provides a value proposition which is specifically different from the present contributions of the industry. Sinopec Company is a service oriented rather than just product oriented, comprehend the core requirements of the consumer and rising the switching cost for the consumers. Thus, all these factors enables the industry to manage the threat of substitute products or services (Yksel, 2012). Bargaining powers of suppliers Bargaining power of providers means the capability of providers to expand the costs of input such as crude material, work, segments and different supplies or to build the cost of the business. In other words, this power measures how effortlessly providers can expand the costs of industry and enterprises. Providers in superiority position can reduce the margins Sinopec Company can receive in the market. The strong providers in basic material segment use their bargaining power to remove higher prices from the firms in the oil and gas industry. Sinopec Company can handle bargaining powers of suppliers by establishing effective supply chain with numerous providers, by creating with items design using diverse materials and expanding dedicated providers whose business is based on the firm (Aliyeva, 2012). Issue Analysis While competing with globally big companies and preventing one international contract after another, Sinopec has survived with many challenges by analyzing the porters model are explained as follows: Difficult to handle government force: Government all over the world are initiating ambitious carbon reduction objective and this is placing business under increasing pressure to reduce their discharges. Sinopec organization is being investigated closely and company is relied upon to devise better approaches to remove natural resources while limiting pollution. Engage investment: Productivity drooped in 2011 and presently it cannot seem to completely recover, which will definitely cause speculators to have apprehensions about pouring money in oil undertakings, particularly when oil prices are fluctuating. This issue is certainly restrictive in China, as speculators all over the world are commonly more mindful since the financial downturn in 2008-2009. The other main biggest issue for Sinopec is to maintaining a high level of performance in order to attract investment. Safety standards: Oil rigs are dangerous work environment and organizations have dependably fought an upward battle to offer the greater protection to their workers. There should be establishment of some regulatory frameworks which prevent the safety standards of workers. Recommendations In my opinion, main recommendations for the Sinopec Company in resolving the above issues that could be enacted by organizations in order to be successful in the future are: Maintaining a strategic distance from the ideal tempest: There are ways which assess the progress regarding an objective in which management has no scope of knowing whether the essential actions are correct or not as being adopted to achieve it (Hokroh, 2014). In my opinion, management can set an intermediate objective each day and a target distance to cover. The management produces additional inputs and helps to establish their commitments to the end plan. It is essential to engage employees in the planning of strategy and guidance for the Sinopec Company. The requirement to look ahead: It is required that the sharp leadership teams use look ahead data to direct their enterprises. According to Shuen et al. (2014), the management of Sinopec Company has to identify the goal was achieved or not. The management can use the various tools such as balanced scorecard, future indicators which can tell where the company to be in next one to four quarters with respect to its objectives. The company can ensure the challenges that company may face in future may be prevented by the proper planning and management and company should focus on the customer requirements and the pricing of the product. Conclusion From this report, it has been concluded that there many factors which affect the business environment in several ways. This report explains the PESTLE analysis, Porter Five forces model of the company to evaluate the effects of these techniques on the company environment and explains the reason for affecting the business activities by these factors. The report also analyze the various issues which are faced by company and provide some strategic recommendation that could be enacted by organizations in order to be successful in the future On the other side, the report also suggests some recommendation for a company that could be adopted to be successful in the futur. References Aliyeva, F. (2012). Top 10 Challenges in Oil and Gas Industry. Available at https://www.intelligenthq.com/latest-news/top-10-challenges-in-oil-and-gas-industry-in-2012/ (Accessed on 26 September, 2016). Bandinelli, R., Gamberi, V. (2011). Servitization in oil and gas sector: outcomes of a case study research.Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,23(1), 87-102. Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R. (2014).Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Gupta, A. (2013). Environmental and pest analysis: An approach to the external business environment. Merit Research Journal of Art, Social Science and Humanities,1(2), 13-17. Ho, J. K. K. (2014). Formulation of a systemic PEST analysis for strategic analysis.European academic research,2(5), 6478-6492. Inkpen, A. C., Moffett, M. H. (2011).The global oil gas industry: management, strategy finance. PennWell Books. Mitchell, J., Marcel, V., Mitchell, B. (2012).What next for the oil and gas industry?. Chatham House. Shuen, A., Feiler, P., F., Teece, D., J. (2014). Dynamic capabilities in the upstream oil and gas sector: Managing next generation competition. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X14000194 (Accessed on 26 September, 2016). Hokroh, M., A. (2014). An analysis of the Oil and Gas Industrys Competitiveness using Porters Five Forces Framework. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed_Hokroh/publication/274373471_AN_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_OIL_AND_GAS_INDUSTRY%27S_COMPETITIVENESS_USING_PORTER%27S_FIVE_FORCES_FRAMEWORK/links/551c37b60cf2909047bb70fc/AN-ANALYSIS-OF-THE-OIL-AND-GAS-INDUSTRYS-COMPETITIVENESS-USING-PORTERS-FIVE-FORCES-FRAMEWORK.pdf (Accessed on 26 September, 2016). Srdjevic, Z., Bajcetic, R., Srdjevic, B. (2012). Identifying the criteria set for multicriteria decision making based on SWOT/PESTLE analysis: a case study of reconstructing a water intake structure.Water resources management,26(12), 3379-3393. Taiwo, A. S. (2010). The influence of work environment on workers productivity: A case of selected oil and gas industry in Lagos, Nigeria.African Journal of Business Management,4(3), 299. Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D. (2011).Concepts in strategic management and business policy. Pearson Education India. Wstenhagen, R., Menichetti, E. (2012). Strategic choices for renewable energy investment: Conceptual framework and opportunities for further research.Energy Policy,40, 1-10. Yksel, ?. (2012). Developing a multi-criteria decision-making model for PESTEL analysis. International Journal of Business and Management,7(24), 52.

Essay on Good People free essay sample

What does it mean to be a good person? How can one respect oneself without hurting others? Are we able to judge whether a decision is wrong or right? Do we really know what love is? Questions like these have always existed, but what happens when an author tries to comprehend the complexity of being ‘good people’? Is it possible to write about an issue like this? In David Foster Wallace’s short story â€Å"Good People† from 2007 we experience an attempt to do so. In the short story †Good People† Wallace manages to reflect upon the complex discussion of what ‘good people’ are, as this is the main theme of the text. To discuss this the story revolves around supporting themes of religious, existentialistic and ethical character. The religious theme is expressed in the discussion of abortion, in which the main character Lane at one point admits that â€Å"he did not know what to do†1 about this dilemma. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Good People or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The existentialistic theme is conveyed in Lane’s realization that he had not â€Å"once said it, avowed that he did love her†2. The ethical theme we meet in the dilemma of Lane discussing whether he is dishonest and respectful. Admitting that â€Å"he could not say he did: it was not true3† that he loved her, Wallace creates a starting point for a discussion on ethics about honesty, respect and self-respect. The plot of the story consists of one long reflection in the mind of our main character, plot-wise known as an internal conflict. He reflects on the difficult situation, that he and his fiancee find themselves in, by creating imaginary conflicts between the two of them, while also circling around the supporting themes with relevance to the main theme. The internal conflict of the main character, created as the basis of the plot, results in a plot driven by a non-chronological structure. Instead of unfolding the subject of the story linearly, the story moves forward in circles. Along with this it describes a development in the main character’s cognitive understanding of the issue. The plot on one side consists of a sporadic, incoherent and associating reflection on the main theme, and on the other side it deals with an on-going cognitive development. One of the most remarkable proofs of this is expressed in the following quotation, where several different topics jump to Lane’s mind: â€Å"Two days before, he had awakened very early and tried to pray but could not. He was freezing †¦ but he had not thought of his father †¦ which had once filled him with such pity Lane Dean, Jr. , felt sun on one arm as he pictured in his mind an image of himself on a train, waving mechanically to something that got smaller and smaller as the train pulled away. Sheri’s hair was colored †¦ They’d sat here long enough that only their right side was shaded now. He could look at her head, but not at her. Different parts of him felt unconnected to each other†4. In the above quotation we see how Lane’s thoughts sporadically differ between four different things in only eight lines. Together with this the quotation illustrates that the associations stresses this common feature of the plot of revolving on the main theme in this rather incoherent way. The statement saying â€Å"Different parts of him felt unconnected to each other† explicitly shows an actual realization in the cognitive development.. This two-sided aspect of the plot is reflected in the rest of the story in different ways; in the narrative technique and in the characters and their relations. Through the narrative technique we comprehend how Wallace elegantly portrays the main theme. Wallace uses a 3’rd person restricted narrator with the point of view placed on Lane, creating a subjective perspective on how the story unfolds. The strongly placed point of view creates a characteristic voice in the story. The voice ultimately reminds one of a ‘stream of consciousness’-technique, which influences the story in general. The element of changing appellations stresses how the two kinds of processes are going on in the story; the associating way of reflecting along with the developing state of mind. The different use of how the main character titles himself from â€Å"Lane A. Dean, Jr. †¦ Lane Dean, Jr. †¦ Lane Dean †¦ Lane†5 shows how he is mentally changing back and forth, emphasizing this circularly and non-linear reflection. On the other hand the naming of Lane’s girlfriend, Sheri, shows a linear development from â€Å"his girlfriend †¦ the girl †¦ she †¦ Sheri †¦ Sheri Fisher†6. The way in which the girlfriend is named gives an impression of how the main character is developing his view of the girlfriend throughout the story. From an anonymous approach, ‘the girl’, to actually addressing her by her full name â€Å"Sheri Fisher†, This use of the narrative technique creates a stream of consciousness and creates an associating but yet authentic feeling – a feeling that enlightens the complex main theme of the story. The construction of the characters and their relation is also important to the perception of the story. Given the fact that the story is told from the perspective of Lane, it is interesting that Sheri’s character is described in a flat and static way. The author makes a construction where we only understand Sheri through Lane’s view on her, and Lane ascribes her some specific but changing values through the story. In fact Sheri’s function is to be a mirror to the way Lane feels at a specific moment through the story. Lane’s character on the other hand is dynamic and round as his internal conflict about defining what ‘good people’ are evolves through the story. What seems to be a conflict between the two characters in the plot is actually Lane’s internal conflict of being split. This appears when he gets a â€Å"vision or moment of grace†7 in which he suddenly feels the capability to see â€Å"into Sheri’s heart†8 although they â€Å"through all this frozen silence†9 had not shared a word with each other. He verbalizes an imaginary reaction in the example that could possibly create a conflict, but really this conflict is an expression of Lane’s own internal conflict projected onto Sheri’s character.. Conclusively David Wallace has written a short story that in its form and content emphasizes the difficulties of understanding the complex problem of defining ‘good people’. Wallace creates an authentic, reliable and identifiable story through the characters and the narrative technique with its stream of consciousness,. He creates a form, which with its associating feeling, comes close to resembling a complex dilemma from real life. Ultimately Wallace enlightens that neither the religious, existentialistic nor ethical aspect of the dilemma can stand alone when defining ‘good people’. In fact it is still extremely difficult to answer the question when considering all the aspects. In the end it stands clear that Wallace wants us to understand is that the answer to such a complex question lies in ourselves – every person has their own conclusion on issues like these.

Lewinsky Vs. Clinton Essays - Lewinsky Scandal, United States

Lewinsky Vs. Clinton Perhaps the biggest presidential scandal since the Nixon administration came to light in January 1998. This is when the now infamous Monica Lewinsky first appeared on our television sets. The American population did not know Ms. Lewinsky until the scandal broke. After the media was informed of the activities between President Clinton and Monica Lewinsky the little known woman was instantaneously the topic of conversation all over the world. The intention of this paper is not to figure out who was right or wrong in the scandal, the reasoning behind it is to show how the mass media shapes and implements our own ideas and opinions about people. Every opinion we have is somehow related to who and what we see around us. The way that these things are portrayed on television or in magazines influences our overall attitude towards them. In many situations we have only the media to rely on when learning about certain events. Sometimes you can check more than one source to get a different opin ion, but more times than not the overall image generated by all media platforms of a person or event is very similar. In this sense it is very hard sometimes to get a fair perspective of the occurrences. The views that the American public has towards Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky have been directly affected by how the mass media portrayed each individual. Susan Douglas' book Where The Girls Are is a reflection of just how controlling the mass media is over the opinions and ideas of the people that it reaches. Douglas talks about the ways in which the mass media forms an individual's character. She focuses on the effects that the media has on women as they grow-up in America. If this is true then perhaps Monica Lewinsky was shaped in such a way that she felt obligated to give in to the president's wishes of having a relationship. After the scandal broke the media then proceeded to shape the publics opinion of Ms. Lewinsky. It is very easy for our opinions to be swayed if we know nothing about the subject or individual. One place that is near impossible to hide from the public and media is the White House. Bill Clinton has been plagued by scandal since entering the White House in 1992. As the Lewinsky scandal began President Clinton was just recovering from the Whitewater scandal. Before Lewinsky, Clinton was accused of having a sexual relationship with Gennifer Flowers while he was the governor of Arkansas. Clinton denied these reports during his 1992 campaign. However, in a deposition a few years later the president admitted to having an affair with Flowers. Paula Jones who worked for him while he was governor also sued Clinton. Jones disputed that Clinton treated her unfairly after she refused to have a sexual relationship with him. Despite these repeated scandals Mr. Clinton has maintained a fairly supportive reaction from the mainstream media. I strongly feel that Clinton's lack of accountability is due to the fact that most of the scandals that he has been involved in pertain to sexual relatio nships with women. The male dominated media portrays this in a lighthearted way. On the other hand, the females involved in all of these scandals have been made out to be unjust sluts looking for a big payday. Contradictory to Clinton's past is that of Monica Lewinsky. Monica grew up in Beverly Hills California. Her father owned a chain of cancer treatment clinics. When researching the depictions that those close to Ms. Lewinsky have, a very different person is revealed. Monica is very, very energetic and very charismatic and has tremendous ideas and no matter what task you give her, she gets involved and goes to it, said her dad, Dr. Bernard Lewinsky. Richard Makoff, Lewinsky's former headmaster, said, I remember her being a nice kid and pretty normal young lady. The only extra-curricular activity she was involved in was chorus. Monica graduated from Lewis and Clark College in Portland, Oregon in May 1995. The following summer, Monica arrived at the White House as an intern (Aiken). The media has shown Monica Lewinsky in a totally different light than her father and

5 Ways to Make Your Sample Argumentative Essay Stand Out

5 Ways to Make Your Sample Argumentative Essay Stand OutIn most courses, you will find that you are required to write a sample argumentative essay. It is a good way to practice your writing skills as well as an opportunity to get some practice. However, for students who do not want to write the sample essay but would rather submit it to an editor, here are a few ways you can do so.The first thing you need to consider is your resume. If you are applying for an internship or a job in academia, a resume that includes this information will look professional and convincing. However, if you are submitting it to a newspaper or magazine, you might want to be more creative. For example, you can include an additional chapter on your background and achievements, a section where you explain what exactly you do for a living, and perhaps a section on your research and publication in which you describe the paper you are writing.Another thing you can do when writing a sample argumentative essay is t o make sure that it stands alone. For example, the use of a bulleted list is generally a bad idea, unless it is followed by a bolder one. You may also wish to include a paragraph about how you are writing the essay. You may write how you came up with the idea or the fact that you reviewed books or other documents or worked from online sources. After this, you should include a concluding paragraph that summarizes what the essay is about and why it is important.A third thing you can do when writing a sample argumentative essay is to list the things that you don't like. For example, if you do not like the use of lists, then include a list of those things you do like and at least in one sentence to summarize your reasons for the change. Be creative. You might write about the rewards you receive from a specific project or from writing a certain book or manuscript.The final point you can make is to provide an organization to the essay. This will make it easier for readers to follow and th at is something that you cannot deny when writing an essay. Again, these examples are just a few ideas.Finally, you can always highlight what is good about the thesis statement and what is bad about the conclusion. For example, you can write a paragraph that will deal with the benefits of your argument. Of course, this paragraph has to be a concise one, but it should at least be representative of the overall content of the essay.These three examples illustrate a few ways that you can make your sample argumentative essay stand out from the rest. If you are not confident with writing essays, you can always hire a dissertation or college professor to proofread your writing. However, you will have to pay for this service and will have to give them the bulk of your writing. Also, be careful about using personal pronouns and not making it sound too impersonal.Writing a professional essay can be frustrating, especially if you only have a little experience. In the end, though, your writing will speak volumes about who you are and how you think, making you stand out and in turn, attracting a great writer job.

History of the Domestication of Sunflowers

History of the Domestication of Sunflowers Sunflowers (Helianthus spp.) are plants native to the American continents, and one of four seed-bearing species known to have been domesticated in eastern North America. The others are squash [Cucurbita pepo var oviferia], marshelder [Iva annua], and chenopod [Chenopodium berlandieri]). Prehistorically, people used sunflower seeds for ornamental and ceremonial use, as well as for food and flavoring. Prior to domestication, wild sunflowers were spread throughout the North and Central American continents. Wild sunflower seeds have been found in numerous locations in eastern North America; the earliest so far is within the American Archaic levels of the Koster site, as early as 8500 calendar years BP (cal BP); when it was precisely domesticated, is difficult to establish, but at least 3,000 cal BP. Identifying Domesticated Versions Archaeological evidence accepted for recognizing the domesticated form of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) is the increase in the average mean length and width of achenethe pod that contains the sunflower seed; and since Charles Heisers comprehensive studies in the 1950s, the established reasonable minimum length for determining whether a particular achene is domesticated has been 7.0 millimeters (about a third of an inch). Unfortunately, that is problematic: because many sunflower seeds and achenes were recovered in the charred (carbonized) state, and carbonization can, and in fact often does, shrink the achene. In addition, the accidental hybridization of wild and domestic formsalso results in smaller sized domestic achenes. Standards to correct for carbonized seeds developed from experimental archaeology on sunflowers from DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge found that carbonized achenes exhibited an average of 12.1% reduction in size after being carbonized. Based on that, Smith (2014) proposed scholars use multipliers of about 1.35-1.61 to estimate the original size. In other words, measurements of carbonized sunflower achenes should be multiplied by 1.35-1.61, and if the majority of the achenes falls over 7 mm, you can reasonably surmise that the seeds are from a domesticated plant. Alternatively, Heiser suggested that a better measure might be the heads (disks) of sunflowers. Domesticated sunflower disks are significantly larger than wild ones, but,  unfortunately, only about two dozen partial or complete heads have been identified archaeologically. Earliest Domestication of Sunflowers The main site of domestication for sunflower appears to have been located in the eastern North American woodlands, from several dry caves and rock shelters of the central and eastern United States. The firmest evidence is from a large assemblage from the Marble Bluff site in the Arkansas Ozarks, securely dated to 3000 cal BP. Other early sites with smaller assemblages but potentially domesticated seeds include Newt Kash Hollow rock shelter in eastern Kentucky (3300 cal BP); Riverton, Eastern Illinois (3600-3800 cal BP); Napoleon Hollow, central Illinois (4400 cal BP); the Hayes site in central Tennessee (4840 cal BP); and Koster in Illinois (ca 6000 cal BP). In sites more recent than 3000 cal BP, domesticate sunflowers are frequent occurrences. Early domesticated sunflower seed and achene was reported from the San Andrà ©s site in Tabasco, Mexico, direct dated by AMS to between 4500-4800 cal BP. However, recent genetic research has shown that all modern domestic sunflowers developed from the wild eastern North American species. Some scholars have argued that the San Andres specimens may not be sunflower  but if they are, they represent a second, later domestication event that failed. Sources Crites, Gary D. 1993 Domesticated sunflower in Fifth Millennium B.P temporal context: New evidence from middle Tennessee. American Antiquity 58(1):146-148. Damiano, Fabrizio, Luigi R. Ceci, Luisa Siculella, and Raffaele Gallerani 2002 Transcription of two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) mitochondrial tRNA genes having different genetic origins. Gene  286(1):25-32. Heiser Jr. CB. 1955. The origin and development of the cultivated sunflower. The American Biology Teacher 17(5):161-167. Lentz, David L., et al. 2008 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as a pre-Columbian domesticate in Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(17):6232-6237. Lentz D, Pohl M, Pope K, and Wyatt A. 2001. Prehistoric sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) domestication in Mexico. Economic Botany  55(3):370-376. Piperno, Dolores R. 2001 On Maize and the Sunflower. Science  292(5525):2260-2261. Pope, Kevin O., et al. 2001 Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica. Science 292(5520):1370-1373. Smith BD. 2014. The domestication of Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 23(1):57-74. doi: 10.1007/s00334-013-0393-3 Smith, Bruce D. 2006 Eastern North America as an independent center of plant domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(33):12223-12228.

See word Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See word - Assignment Example It is also important to note that the ideas came naturally to him and like other extroverts he tends to think while speaking. This quality made Steve Jobs as one of the important persons in information technology field to communicate ideas easily with others. A key aspect of Steve Jobs personality was the combination of rationality with that of the designs and aesthetics. He was probably the key source behind the fact that Apple was able to manufacture and develop products which were combination of the rationality as well as the imagination and rationale. His idea of work was relatively consistent with that rationality as he was not considered as a narrow minded and have a clear vision of the future. It was also natural for him to actually conceive long term plans and act on them easily. Rationalists are considered as visionary as well as practical in nature and both these qualities were present in Steve Jobs. He was able to visualize the future and made products and services which changed the future of computing and entertainment. However, he was also practical in the sense that he was able to successfully market those ideas and convert them into successful products. He was not considered as a judgmental in nature as over the period of time, he was able to develop the ability to present both views about any argument. He was able to clearly advocate different and opposite ideas therefore may not be considered as judgmental in nature. According to Myers-Briggs, perceivers actually show the world their preferred perceiving function i.e. their intuition side therefore they tend to be more visionary in nature and have entrepreneurial abilities. The above discussion suggests that Steve Jobs was one of the ENTJ and have all the qualities which can be found in a person who is open, easy to communicate rich and have a vision for

Clustering Stock Market Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Clustering Stock Market Companies - Essay Example It is often seen that business houses in clusters are more successful than those businesses doing identical trade or commercial ventures but are separated from each other, either through geographical distances or other barriers which do not offer their clustering. Not only are clusters more successful in terms of profitability and growth indicators but they are also well-positioned in terms of good management structures and high share value with respect to the companies who are not clustered. It is often found that in many countries the situation of certain similar industries is in close geographical proximity to each other. For instance, computer firms are found in the US in Silicon Valley and Bangalore in India, and they are proliferating exponentially in the recent times. This geographical proximity also gives rise to clustering and has a positive impact on the company's growth since all the members of the cluster would be able to contribute to the economic welfare of the State to which it belongs. The concept of clustering is fundamentally to determine the essential grouping or collation of data, and in the contest of business enterprises could be used to consider important aspects like revenue generation, profit making corporation and the main location aspects of the business. Through this research it is tried to focus upon the important aspects that work in the case of Clustering and how this aspect impacts upon the economy of the country. Clustering could be used for a variety of applications depending upon the desired results or objectives and could help in studying areas of interest like biology, insurance, seismic recordings for earthquakes, World Wide Web (www) where it is necessary to determine the pattern of behaviour in seemingly discrete and unorganized data. For instance in determining census reports, a lot of mass of data from all over the districts are collated and gathered and for arriving at the correct distributional patterns among the vast mass of data and to provide intelligent and coherent analysis and interpretations for the data . This could be done through the use of cluster formation which would distribute the similar data in identical formatting and thus help in achieving the desired ends and conclusions regarding the distribution and behaviour patterns of the data under study. The main determinants of clustering would be therefore in terms of Ability to make valid measurements and coherent analysis Assign attributes to the data based on the findings of clustering Formulating data with the various designs for implementation of decisions Established the least requirement for domain knowledge and determining the inputs that could provide valid outputs measurements and the basis for arriving at logical conclusions It is to be noted that the domain is not concerned with the order of the inputs recording since the processing would be based on similar identification and not other criteria High dimensionality would have to be accorded to the data being researched since this would impinge upon the final results It is also necessary that the data on clustering has high degree of usability in the academic context There are different types of clustering and they could be seen in the contest of Exclusive clusters, overlapping clusters, hierarchical clusters and probable clusters. The Euclidean distance would be the